DEAR MAYO CLINIC: I know COVID-19 has been around now for over a year, but I’m still confused by the different types of vaccines, including messenger RNA and vector vaccines. Can you explain how these ...

This article explores how challenges such as sequence optimization, immune activation and off-target effects are being ...

Conditional gene silencing in mammalian cells, via the controlled expression of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), is an effective method for studying gene function, particularly if the gene is essential ...

RNA (ribonucleic acid) editing is a post-transcriptional alteration of RNA sequences and structures via modification, deletion or insertion of nucleotides. This process has been detected in eukaryotes ...

The vector consists of a polyethylene glycolylated liposomal outer coat (providing immune evasion and prolonged circulation), a spindle-shaped nanomotor (resembling a flagellum, facilitating targeted ...

RNA or ribonucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides that is made up of a ribose sugar, a phosphate, and bases such as adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. It plays a crucial role in gene expression ...

Solid tumors are highly dependent upon angiogenesis for their survival. However, in tumors such as pancreatic and hepatobiliary carcinomas, the newly formed vasculature is often immature and unable to ...

We’re celebrating 180 years of Scientific American. Explore our legacy of discovery and look ahead to the future. In 1957, just four years after Francis Crick and other scientists solved the riddle of ...